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Epistles (Plato)
The ''Epistles'' (Greek: Ἐπιστολαί; Latin: ''Epistolae''〔Henri Estienne (ed.), ''Platonis opera quae extant omnia'', Vol. 3, 1578, (p. 307 ).〕) of Plato are a series of thirteen letters traditionally included in the Platonic corpus. Their authenticity has been the subject of some dispute, and scholarly consensus has shifted back and forth over time. They were "generally accepted as genuine until modern times";〔''Plato's Epistles'' by Glenn Morrow, 1962, p. 5〕 but by the close of the nineteenth century, many philologists (such as Richard Bentley, Christoph Meiners, and Friedrich Ast) believed that none of the letters were actually written by Plato. Now every letter except the First has some defenders of its authenticity. The Twelfth is also widely regarded as a forgery, and the Fifth and Ninth have fewer supporters than the others.〔Platon, "Lettres", ed. by Luc Brisson, Flammarion, 2004, p. 70.〕
The ''Epistles'' focus mostly on Plato's time in Syracuse and his influence on the political figures Dion and Dionysius. They are generally biographical rather than philosophical, although several, notably the Seventh Letter, gesture at the doctrines of Plato's philosophy. Only two, the Second and Seventh, directly reference Plato's teacher Socrates, the major figure within his philosophical dialogues.
==Authenticity==
The two letters that are most commonly claimed to have actually been written by Plato are the Seventh and the Eighth, on the supposition that these were open letters and therefore less likely to be the result of invention or forgery. This is not so much because of a presumption in favor of an open letter's authenticity as because of a presumption against that of a private letter: the preservation of the former is unsurprising, while the preservation, dissemination, and eventual publication of the latter requires some sort of explanation.〔Bury, Introduction to the ''Epistles'', 390–2.〕 Nevertheless, even the Seventh Letter has recently been argued to be spurious by prominent scholars, such as Malcolm Schofield,〔Malcolm Schofield, "Plato & Practical Politics", in ''Greek & Roman Political Thought'', ed. Schofield & C. Rowe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 299–302.〕 Myles Burnyeat,〔Myles Burnyeat, "The Second Prose Tragedy: a Literary Analysis of the pseudo-Platonic ''Epistle'' VII," unpublished manuscript, cited in Malcolm Schofield, ''Plato'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 44n19.〕 and Julia Annas.〔Julia Annas, "Classical Greek Philosophy," in ''The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World'', ed. Boardman, Griffin and Murray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 285.〕 George Boas argues that all of the ''Epistles'', including the Seventh, are spurious,〔George Boas, "Fact and Legend in the Biography of Plato", 453–457.〕 a conclusion accepted also, and more recently, by Terence Irwin.〔Terence Irwin, "The Intellectual Background," in ''The Cambridge Companion to Plato'', ed. R. Kraut (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1992), 78-79n4.〕 On the other hand, Grote, Raeder, Novotny, Harward, and Bluck reject only the First; and Bentley accepted all of them.〔
The other letters enjoy varying levels of acceptance among scholars. The Sixth, Third, and Eleventh have the greatest support of the remaining letters, followed by the Fourth, Tenth, Thirteenth, and Second Letter; fewer scholars consider the Fifth, Ninth, and Twelfth to be genuine, while almost none dispute that the First is spurious.〔
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